Switch dataset
Australia
Summary of Domestic Prohibition
Slavery and slave trade
Provisions related to slavery are found in the Criminal Code which prohibits slavery at article 270.2 and criminalises slavery at article 270.3.
Practices similar to slavery
There appears to be no legislation in place in Australia which prohibits institutions and practices similar to slavery. However, Criminal Code Act 1995, criminalises forced marriage at 270.7B, and debt bondage at 271.8.
Servitude
Provisions related to servitude are found in the Criminal Code Act 1995, which criminalises servitude at article 270.4.
Forced or compulsory labour
Provisions related to forced labour are found in the Criminal Code Act 1995 which criminalises forced labour at article 270.6A.
Human trafficking
Provisions related to trafficking in persons are found in the Criminal Code Act 1995 at articles 271.2 and 271.5. Trafficking in children is separately criminalised at articles 271.4 and 271.7. These provisions cover both international and domestic trafficking.
Forced marriage
Provisions related to forced marriage in Australia are found in the 1995 Criminal Code Act, which addresses forced marriage, with a potential penalty of imprisonment of seven years at Section 270.7B. According to Sections 270.7B and 270.B, the potential penalty of imprisonment increases to nine years if the victim is under 18, or if the offender subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, or if offender engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person and is reckless regarding that danger. Forced marriage is defined under Section 270.7A as a marriage where one party entry into the marriage without freely and fully consenting due to coercion, threat or deception, or because the party is incapable of understanding the nature and effect of the marriage ceremony. Provisions related to forced marriage in Australia are also found in the 2016 Marriage Act, which addresses at Article 23 cases where consent is obtained through duress or fraud, where one party is mistaken about the identity of the other party or the nature of the ceremony performed, or where one party is mentally incapable of understanding the nature and effect of the marriage ceremony.
Consent to marriage
Servile marriage
There appears to be no legislation in Australia that prohibits servile matrimonial transactions.
Marriage trafficking
Provisions related to marriage trafficking in Australia are found in the 2020 Criminal Code Act, which prohibits trafficking for conditions similar to slavery at Article 271.1A, with a potential penalty of imprisonment for 12 years.
Minimum age for marriage
The minimum age for marriage in Australia is 18, without differentiation by gender, as set out on Section 11 of the 2016 Marriage Act. Marrying a person not of marriageable age is an offence under Article 95 of the 2016 Marriage Act, with a potential penalty of imprisonment for five years. Where marriages are conducted involving a person below the minimum age, the marriage is void, as set out on Section 23B(1)(e) of the 2016 Marriage Act. However, marriages below this age are permitted in exceptional and unusual circumstances, provided that the individual requests it and obtains the consent of their parents or other appropriate individuals, as set out on Section 12 and 13 of the 2016 Marriage Act. These exceptions are not differentiated by gender, and allow marriages as early as 16.
Region
Western Europe and Others
Regional Court
Not party to a court
Legal System
Common
International Instruments
International Obligations
- Slavery
- Servitude
- Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery
- Forced Labour
- Human Trafficking
- Consent to marriage
- Marriage Practices Similar to Slavery
- Marriage Trafficking
- Minimum Age for Marriage
Regional Organisations
- Commonwealth
- Organanisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
- Bali Process
- ASEAN Regional Forum
Legislative Provisions
AWAD REPORT
Paragraph 42
The non-recognition of slavery in Australia is supported by the Slavery Abolition Act, 1833, which provides that “slavery shall be and is hereby utterly and forever abolished and declared unlawful”.
Paragraph 44
Any attempt to effectively “own” a slave or a person of servile status or to enslave a person or place him in servile status would involve an offence under the criminal law. For example, section 355 of the Criminal Code of the State of Queensland provides as follows:
“355. Any person who unlawfully confines or detains another in any place against his will or otherwise unlawfully deprives another of his personal liberty is guilty of a misdemeanour and is liable to imprisonment with hard labour for three years.”
Paragraph 46
In addition, section 3 of the Slave Trade Act, 1824, which applies in most Territories (including Papua and New Guinea and Nauru) makes it an offence to “carry away or remove or contract for the carrying away or removing of slaves or other persons, as order to their being dealt with as slaves”. Criminal responsibility would attach to a person who aids in the commission of any criminal act involved in owning a slave or person of servile status or enslaving another person or placing him in servile status…
Paragraph 47
Section 3 of the Slave Trade Act, 1824, referred to above, applies the penalty laid down by the section to persons who procure, counsel, aid or abet the commission of an offence under the section.
Paragraph 754
The relevant legislation is to be found in the following Acts which continue to apply in Australia and to most Australian territories (including Papua and New Guinea and Nauru):
Slave Trade Act, 1824
Slave Trade Act, 1843
Slave Trade Act, 1873
Under section 9 of the 1824 Act, any British subject or person residing within the Queen’s dominions is deemed to be guilty of piracy who upon the high seas or in any place within Admiralty jurisdiction knowingly and wilfully carries away or assists in carrying away any person as a slave or for the purpose of that person being sold, used or dealt with as a slave; or (2) on the high seas or within the Admiralty jurisdiction ships, receives or detains or assists in shipping, receiving or detaining on board ship any person for any such purpose. In the case of an offence committed in Australia, the punishment appears to be penal servitude for life or for not less than three years, or imprisonment with or without hard labour for not more than two years.
Under section 10 of the 1824 Act, any person is guilty of a felony who (1) deals or trades in slaves or persons intended to be dealt with as slaves; (2) imports or contracts for importing into any place slaves or receives, detains, or confines on board any such persons for the purpose of the above purposes; (3) ships, receives, detains or confines on board any such person for the purpose of their being dealt with as slaves; (4) fits out or navigates ships for any of the above purposes; (5) lends or becomes security for money or goods to be used for such purposes; or (6) knowingly and wilfully becomes guarantee for agents employed with the same object, or engages in any such adventure as partner, agent or otherwise; (7) ships money or goods to be employed fo4r such purposes; (8) acts as master, mate, surgeon or supercargo on any ship so employed; or (9) insures any slaves or any property so employed. In the case of an offence committed in Australia, the punishment applicable appears to be penal servitude for not more than fourteen years nor less than three years, or imprisonment with or without hard labour for not more than two years.
Under section 11 of the Act, a seaman on board a ship employed for objects declared unlawful by the 1824 Act is guilty of a misdemeanour punishable by imprisonment not exceeding two years.
CRIMINAL CODE ACT 1995 AS AMENDED BY THE CRIMES LEGISLATION AMENDMENT (SEXUAL CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN AND COMMUNITY PROTECTION MEASURES) ACT 2020
Division 268 – Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes against the administration of the justice of the International Criminal Court
Subdivision C – Crimes against Humanity
268.10 Crimes against humanity – enslavement
(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an offence if:
(a) the perpetrator exercises any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over one or more persons (including the exercise of a power in the course of trafficking in persons, in particular women and children); and
(b) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) In subsection (1):
exercises any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person includes purchases, sells, lends or barters a person or imposes on a person a similar deprivation of liberty and also includes exercise a power arising from a debt incurred or contract made by a person.
268.15 Crime against humanity—sexual slavery
(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an offence if:
(a) the perpetrator causes another person to enter into or remain in sexual slavery; and
(b) the perpetrator intends to cause, or is reckless as to causing, that sexual slavery; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) For the purposes of this section, sexual slavery is the condition of a person who provides sexual services and who, because of the use of force or threats:
(a) is not free to cease providing sexual services; or
(b) is not free to leave the place or area where the person provides sexual services.
(3) In this section:
threat means:
(a) a threat of force; or
(b) a threat to cause a person’s deportation; or
(c) a threat of any other detrimental action unless there are reasonable grounds for the threat of that action in connection with the provision of sexual services by a person.
268.16 Crime against humanity—enforced prostitution
(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an offence if:
(a) the perpetrator causes one or more persons to engage in one or more acts of a sexual nature without the consent of the person or persons, including by being reckless as to whether there is consent; and
(b) the perpetrator intends that he or she, or another person, will obtain pecuniary or other advantage in exchange for, or in connection with, the acts of a sexual nature; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) In subsection (1):
consent means free and voluntary agreement.
The following are examples of circumstances in which a person does not consent to an act:
(a) the person submits to the act because of force or the fear of force to the person or to someone else;
(b) the person submits to the act because the person is unlawfully detained;
(c) the person is asleep or unconscious, or is so affected by alcohol or another drug as to be incapable of consenting;
(d) the person is incapable of understanding the essential nature of the act;
(e) the person is mistaken about the essential nature of the act (for example, the person mistakenly believes that the act is for medical or hygienic purposes);
(f) the person submits to the act because of psychological oppression or abuse of power;
(g) the person submits to the act because of the perpetrator taking advantage of a coercive environment.
threat of force or coercion includes:
(a) a threat of force or coercion such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power; or
(b) taking advantage of a coercive environment.
(3) In subsection (1), being reckless as to whether there is consent to one or more acts of a sexual nature includes not giving any thought to whether or not the person or persons are consenting to engaging in the act or acts of a sexual nature.
Subdivision E—Other serious war crimes that are committed in the course of an international armed conflict
268.60 War crime—sexual slavery
(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an offence if:
(a) the perpetrator causes another person to enter into or remain in sexual slavery; and
(b) the perpetrator intends to cause, or is reckless as to causing, that sexual slavery; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct takes place in the context of, and is associated with, an international armed conflict.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) For the purposes of this section, sexual slavery is the condition of a person who provides sexual services and who, because of the use of force or threats:
(a) is not free to cease providing sexual services; or
(b) is not free to leave the place or area where the person provides sexual services.
(3) In this section:
threat means:
(a) a threat of force; or
(b) a threat to cause a person’s deportation; or
(c) a threat of any other detrimental action unless there are reasonable grounds for the threat of that action in connection with the provision of sexual services by a person.
268.61 War crime—enforced prostitution
(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an offence if:
(a) the perpetrator causes one or more persons to engage in one or more acts of a sexual nature without the consent of the person or persons, including by being reckless as to whether there is consent; and
(b) the perpetrator intends that he or she, or another person, will obtain pecuniary or other advantage in exchange for, or in connection with, the acts of a sexual nature; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct takes place in the context of, and is associated with, an international armed conflict.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) In subsection (1): consent means free and voluntary agreement.
The following are examples of circumstances in which a person does not consent to an act:
(a) the person submits to the act because of force or the fear of force to the person or to someone else;
(b) the person submits to the act because the person is unlawfully detained;
(c) the person is asleep or unconscious, or is so affected by alcohol or another drug as to be incapable of consenting;
(d) the person is incapable of understanding the essential nature of the act;
(e) the person is mistaken about the essential nature of the act (for example, the person mistakenly believes that the act is for medical or hygienic purposes);
(f) the person submits to the act because of psychological oppression or abuse of power;
(g) the person submits to the act because of the perpetrator taking advantage of a coercive environment.
threat of force or coercion includes:
(a) a threat of force or coercion such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power; or
(b) taking advantage of a coercive environment.
(3) In subsection (1), being reckless as to whether there is consent to one or more acts of a sexual nature includes not giving any thought to whether or not the person is consenting to the act or acts of a sexual nature.
Subdivision G—War crimes that are other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in an armed conflict that is not an international armed conflict
268.83 War crime—sexual slavery
(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an offence if:
(a) the perpetrator causes another person to enter into or remain in sexual slavery; and
(b) the perpetrator intends to cause, or is reckless as to causing, that sexual slavery; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct takes place in the context of, and is associated with, an armed conflict that is not an international armed conflict.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) For the purposes of this section, sexual slavery is the condition of a person who provides sexual services and who, because of the use of force or threats:
(a) is not free to cease providing sexual services; or
(b) is not free to leave the place or area where the person provides sexual services.
(3) In this section:
threat means:
(a) a threat of force; or
(b) a threat to cause a person’s deportation; or
(c) a threat of any other detrimental action unless there are reasonable grounds for the threat of that action in connection with the provision of sexual services by a person.
268.84 War crime—enforced prostitution
(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an offence if:
(a) the perpetrator causes one or more persons to engage in one or more acts of a sexual nature without the consent of the person or persons, including by being reckless as to whether there is consent; and
(b) the perpetrator intends that he or she, or another person, will obtain pecuniary or other advantage in exchange for, or in connection with, the acts of a sexual nature; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct takes place in the context of, and is associated with, an armed conflict that is not an international armed conflict.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) In subsection (1):
consent means free and voluntary agreement.
The following are examples of circumstances in which a person does not consent to an act:
(a) the person submits to the act because of force or the fear of force to the person or to someone else;
(b) the person submits to the act because the person is unlawfully detained;
(c) the person is asleep or unconscious, or is so affected by alcohol or another drug as to be incapable of consenting;
(d) the person is incapable of understanding the essential nature of the act;
(e) the person is mistaken about the essential nature of the act (for example, the person mistakenly believes that the act is for medical or hygienic purposes);
(f) the person submits to the act because of psychological oppression or abuse of power;
(g) the person submits to the act because of the perpetrator taking advantage of a coercive environment.
threat of force or coercion includes:
(a) a threat of force or coercion such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power; or
(b) taking advantage of a coercive environment.
(3) In subsection (1), being reckless as to whether there is consent to one or more acts of a sexual nature includes not giving any thought to whether or not the person is consenting to the act or acts of a sexual nature.
Division 270—Slavery and slavery-like conditions
270.1A Definitions for Division 270
coercion includes coercion by any of the following:
(a) force;
(b) duress;
(c) detention;
(d) psychological oppression;
(e) abuse of power;
(f) taking advantage of a person’s vulnerability.
conducting a business includes:
(a) taking any part in the management of the business; and
(b) exercising control or direction over the business; and
(c) providing finance for the business.
deceive has the same meaning as in Division 271 (see section 271.1).
Note: Deception has a corresponding meaning (see section 18A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901).
forced labour has the meaning given by section 270.6.
forced marriage has the meaning given by section 270.7A.
servitude has the meaning given by section 270.4.
slavery has the meaning given by section 270.1.
slavery‑like offence means an offence against any of the following provisions:
(a) section 270.5 (servitude offences);
(b) section 270.6A (forced labour offences);
(c) section 270.7 (deceptive recruiting for labour or services);
(d) section 270.7B (forced marriage offences).
threat means:
(a) a threat of coercion; or
(b) a threat to cause a person’s deportation or removal from Australia; or
(c) a threat of any other detrimental action, unless there are reasonable grounds for the threat of that action in connection with the provision of labour or services by a person.
Note: Threat includes a threat made by any conduct, whether express or implied and whether conditional or unconditional (see the definition in the Dictionary).
Subdivision B—Slavery
For the purposes of this Division, slavery is the condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised, including where such a condition results from a debt or contract made by the person.
Slavery remains unlawful and its abolition is maintained, despite the repeal by the Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Act 1999 of Imperial Acts relating to slavery.
(1) A person who, whether within or outside Australia, intentionally:
(aa) reduces a person to slavery; or
(a) possesses a slave or exercises over a slave any of the other powers attaching to the right of ownership; or
(b) engages in slave trading; or
(c) enters into any commercial transaction involving a slave; or
(d) exercises control or direction over, or provides finance for:
(i) any act of slave trading; or
(ii) any commercial transaction involving a slave;
commits an offence.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) A person who:
(a) whether within or outside Australia:
(i) enters into any commercial transaction involving a slave; or
(ii) exercises control or direction over, or provides finance for, any commercial transaction involving a slave; or
(iii) exercises control or direction over, or provides finance for, any act of slave trading; and
(b) is reckless as to whether the transaction or act involves a slave, slavery, slave trading or the reduction of a person to slavery;
commits an offence.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 17 years.
(3) In this section:
commercial transaction involving a slave includes a commercial transaction by which a person is reduced to slavery.
slave trading includes:
(a) the capture, transport or disposal of a person with the intention of reducing the person to slavery; or
(b) the purchase or sale of a slave.
(4) A person who engages in any conduct with the intention of securing the release of a person from slavery does not commit an offence against this section.
(5) The defendant bears a legal burden of proving the matter mentioned in subsection (4).
Subdivision C—Slavery‑like conditions
(1) For the purposes of this Division, servitude is the condition of a person (the victim) who provides labour or services, if, because of the use of coercion, threat or deception:
(a) a reasonable person in the position of the victim would not consider himself or herself to be free:
(i) to cease providing the labour or services; or
(ii) to leave the place or area where the victim provides the labour or services; and
(b) the victim is significantly deprived of personal freedom in respect of aspects of his or her life other than the provision of the labour or services.
(2) Subsection (1) applies whether the coercion, threat or deception is used against the victim or another person.
(3) The victim may be in a condition of servitude whether or not:
(a) escape from the condition is practically possible for the victim; or
(b) the victim has attempted to escape from the condition.
Causing a person to enter into or remain in servitude
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person engages in conduct; and
(b) the conduct causes another person to enter into or remain in servitude.
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 20 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 15 years.
Conducting a business involving servitude
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person conducts any business; and
(b) the business involves the servitude of another person (or persons).
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 20 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 15 years.
Alternative verdict of forced labour
(3) Subsection (4) applies if, in a prosecution for an offence (the servitude offence) against a provision listed in column 1 of the following table, the trier of fact:
(a) is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of that offence; but
(b) is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of an offence (the forced labour offence) against the corresponding provision listed in column 2 of the table.
| Servitude and forced labour offences | ||
| Item | Column 1
Servitude offences |
Column 2
Forced labour offences |
| 1 | Subsection (1) of this section | Subsection 270.6A(1) |
| 2 | Subsection (2) of this section | Subsection 270.6A(2) |
(4) The trier of fact may find the defendant not guilty of the servitude offence, but guilty of the forced labour offence, so long as the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to that finding of guilt.
270.6 Definition of forced labour
(1) For the purposes of this Division, forced labour is the condition of a person (the victim) who provides labour or services if, because of the use of coercion, threat or deception, a reasonable person in the position of the victim would not consider himself or herself to be free:
(a) to cease providing the labour or services; or
(b) to leave the place or area where the victim provides the labour or services.
(2) Subsection (1) applies whether the coercion, threat or deception is used against the victim or another person.
(3) The victim may be in a condition of forced labour whether or not:
(a) escape from the condition is practically possible for the victim; or
(b) the victim has attempted to escape from the condition.
Causing a person to enter into or remain in forced labour
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person engages in conduct; and
(b) the conduct causes another person to enter into or remain in forced labour.
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 12 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 9 years.
Conducting a business involving forced labour
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person conducts any business; and
(b) the business involves the forced labour of another person (or persons).
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 12 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 9 years.
Note: On a trial for an offence against section 270.5 (servitude offences), the trier of fact may find a defendant not guilty of that offence but guilty of the corresponding offence under this section (see subsections 270.5(3) and (4)).
270.7 Deceptive recruiting for labour or services
A person (the recruiter) commits an offence if:
(a) the recruiter engages in conduct; and
(b) the recruiter engages in the conduct with the intention of inducing another person (the victim) to enter into an engagement to provide labour or services; and
(c) the conduct causes the victim to be deceived about:
(i) the extent to which the victim will be free to leave the place or area where the victim provides the labour or services; or
(ii) the extent to which the victim will be free to cease providing the labour or services; or
(iii) the extent to which the victim will be free to leave his or her place of residence; or
(iv) if there is or will be a debt owed or claimed to be owed by the victim in connection with the engagement—the quantum, or the existence, of the debt owed or claimed to be owed; or
(v) the fact that the engagement will involve exploitation, or the confiscation of the victim’s travel or identity documents; or
(vi) if the engagement is to involve the provision of sexual services—that fact, or the nature of sexual services to be provided (for example, whether those services will require the victim to have unprotected sex).
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 9 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 7 years.
270.7A Definition of forced marriage
(1) A marriage is a forced marriage if one party to the marriage (the victim) entered into the marriage without freely and fully consenting:
(a) because of the use of coercion, threat or deception; or
(b) because the party was incapable of understanding the nature and effect of the marriage ceremony.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), marriage includes the following:
(a) a registered relationship within the meaning of section 2E of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901;
(b) a marriage recognised under a law of a foreign country;
(c) a relationship registered (however that process is described) under a law of a foreign country, if the relationship is of the same, or a similar, type as any registered relationship within the meaning of section 2E of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901;
(d) a marriage (including a relationship or marriage mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c)) that is void, invalid, or not recognised by law, for any reason, including the following:
(i) a party to the marriage has not freely or fully consented to the marriage (for example, because of natural, induced or age‑related incapacity);
(ii) a party to the marriage is married (within the meaning of this subsection) to more than one person.
Note: Section 2E of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 covers relationships registered under a law of a State or Territory that are prescribed by regulations under that Act.
(3) Paragraph (1)(a) applies whether the coercion, threat or deception is used against the victim or another person.
(4) For the purposes of proving an offence against this Division or Division 271, a person under 16 years of age is presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to be incapable of understanding the nature and effect of a marriage ceremony.
Note: A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to proving the contrary (see section 13.4).
270.7B Forced marriage offences
Causing a person to enter into a forced marriage
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence if:
(a) the first person engages in conduct; and
(b) the conduct causes another person to enter into a forced marriage as the victim of the marriage.
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 9 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 7 years.
Being a party to a forced marriage
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person is a party to a marriage (within the meaning of section 270.7A); and
(b) the marriage is a forced marriage; and
(c) the person is not a victim of the forced marriage.
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 9 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 7 years.
(3) Strict liability applies to paragraph (2)(c).
Note: For strict liability, see section 6.1.
(4) Subsection (2) does not apply if the person has a reasonable excuse.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (4) (see subsection 13.3(3)).
270.8 Slavery‑like offences—aggravated offences
(1) For the purposes of this Division, a slavery‑like offence committed by a person (the offender) against another person (the victim) is an aggravated offence if any of the following applies:
(a) the victim is under 18;
(b) the offender, in committing the offence, subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;
(c) the offender, in committing the offence:
(i) engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person; and
(ii) is reckless as to that danger.
(2) If the prosecution intends to prove an aggravated offence, the charge must allege the relevant aggravated offence.
(3) If, on a trial for an aggravated offence, the trier of fact is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the aggravated offence, but is otherwise satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the corresponding slavery‑like offence, it may find the defendant not guilty of the aggravated offence, but guilty of the corresponding slavery‑like offence.
(4) Subsection (3) only applies if the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to the finding of guilt for the corresponding slavery‑like offence.
Subdivision D—Offences against Division 270: general
270.11 Offences against Division 270—no defence of victim consent or acquiescence
To avoid doubt, it is not a defence in a proceeding for an offence against this Division that a person against whom the offence is alleged to have been committed consented to, or acquiesced in, conduct constituting any element of the offence.
Division 271—Trafficking in persons and debt bondage
In this Division:
coercion has the same meaning as in Division 270 (see section 270.1A).
confiscate, in relation to a person’s travel or identity document, means to take possession of the document, whether permanently or otherwise, to the exclusion of the person, or to destroy the document.
constitutional corporation means a corporation to which paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution applies.
deceive means mislead as to fact (including the intention of any person) or as to law, by words or other conduct.
Note: Deception has a corresponding meaning (see section 18A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901).
exploitation has the meaning given by section 271.1A.
threat has the same meaning as in Division 270 (see section 270.1A).
271.1A Definition of exploitation
For the purposes of this Division, exploitation, of one person (the victim) by another person, occurs if the other person’s conduct causes the victim to enter into any of the following conditions:
(a) slavery, or a condition similar to slavery;
(b) servitude;
(c) forced labour;
(d) forced marriage;
(e) debt bondage.
Note: Division 270 (slavery and slavery‑like offences) deals with slavery, servitude, forced labour and forced marriage. Subdivision C of this Division deals with debt bondage.
Subdivision B—Offences relating to trafficking in persons
271.2 Offence of trafficking in persons
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) the first person uses coercion, threat or deception; and
(c) that use of coercion, threat or deception results in the first person obtaining the other person’s compliance in respect of that entry or proposed entry or in respect of that receipt.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(1A) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) the first person uses coercion, threat or deception; and
(c) that use of coercion, threat or deception results in the first person obtaining the other person’s compliance in respect of that exit or proposed exit.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(1B) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) in organising or facilitating that entry or proposed entry, or that receipt, the first person is reckless as to whether the other person will be exploited, either by the first person or another, after that entry or receipt.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(1C) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) in organising or facilitating that exit or proposed exit, the first person is reckless as to whether the other person will be exploited, either by the first person or another, after that exit.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) the first person deceives the other person about the fact that the other person’s entry or proposed entry, the other person’s receipt or any arrangements for the other person’s stay in Australia, will involve the provision by the other person of sexual services or will involve the other person’s exploitation or the confiscation of the other person’s travel or identity documents.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2A) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) the first person deceives the other person about the fact that the other person’s exit or proposed exit is for purposes that involve the provision by the other person of sexual services outside Australia or will involve the other person’s exploitation or the confiscation of the other person’s travel or identity documents.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2B) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) there is an arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services in Australia; and
(c) the first person deceives the other person about any of the following:
(i) the nature of the sexual services to be provided;
(ii) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave the place or area where the other person provides sexual services;
(iii) the extent to which the other person will be free to cease providing sexual services;
(iv) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave his or her place of residence;
(v) if there is a debt owed or claimed to be owed by the other person in connection with the arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services—the quantum, or the existence, of the debt owed or claimed to be owed.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2C) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) there is an arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services outside Australia; and
(c) the first person deceives the other person about any of the following:
(i) the nature of the sexual services to be provided;
(ii) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave the place or area where the other person provides sexual services;
(iii) the extent to which the other person will be free to cease providing sexual services;
(iv) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave his or her place of residence;
(v) if there is a debt owed or claimed to be owed by the other person in connection with the arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services—the quantum, or the existence, of the debt owed or claimed to be owed.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(3) Absolute liability applies to paragraphs (1)(c) and (1A)(c).
271.3 Trafficking in persons—aggravated offence
(1) A person (the first person) commits an aggravated offence of trafficking in persons if the first person commits the offence of trafficking in persons in relation to another person (the victim) and any of the following applies:
(a) the first person commits the offence intending that the victim will be exploited, either by the first person or another:
(i) if the offence of trafficking in persons is an offence against subsection 271.2(1), (1B), (2) or (2B)—after entry into Australia; or
(ii) if the offence of trafficking in persons is an offence against subsection 271.2(1A), (1C), (2A) or (2C)—after exit from Australia;
(b) the first person, in committing the offence, subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;
(c) the first person, in committing the offence:
(i) engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person; and
(ii) is reckless as to that danger.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 20 years.
(2) If, on a trial for an offence against this section, the court, or if the trial is before a jury, the jury, is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the aggravated offence, but is satisfied that he or she is guilty of an offence against section 271.2, it may find the defendant not guilty of the aggravated offence but guilty of an offence against that section.
(3) Subsection (2) only applies if the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to the finding of guilt for the offence against section 271.2.
Note: Section 271.2 provides for offences of trafficking in persons.
271.4 Offence of trafficking in children
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in children if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry into Australia, or the receipt in Australia, of another person; and
(b) the other person is under the age of 18; and
(c) in organising or facilitating that entry or proposed entry, or that receipt, the first person:
(i) intends that the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that entry or receipt; or
(ii) is reckless as to whether the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that entry or receipt.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in children if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit from Australia of another person; and
(b) the other person is under the age of 18; and
(c) in organising or facilitating that exit or proposed exit, the first person:
(i) intends that the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that exit; or
(ii) is reckless as to whether the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that exit.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
271.5 Offence of domestic trafficking in persons
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation or proposed transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) the first person uses coercion, threat or deception; and
(c) that use of coercion, threat or deception results in the first person obtaining the other person’s compliance in respect of that transportation or proposed transportation.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation or proposed transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) in organising or facilitating that transportation or proposed transportation, the first person is reckless as to whether the other person will be exploited, either by the first person or another, after that transportation.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2A) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) the first person deceives the other person about the fact that the transportation, or any arrangements the first person has made for the other person following the transportation, will involve the provision by the other person of sexual services or will involve the other person’s exploitation or the confiscation of the other person’s travel or identity documents.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2B) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) there is an arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services; and
(c) the first person deceives the other person about any of the following:
(i) the nature of the sexual services to be provided;
(ii) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave the place or area where the other person provides sexual services;
(iii) the extent to which the other person will be free to cease providing sexual services;
(iv) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave his or her place of residence;
(v) if there is a debt owed or claimed to be owed by the other person in connection with the arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services—the quantum, or the existence, of the debt owed or claimed to be owed.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(3) Absolute liability applies to paragraph (1)(c).
271.6 Domestic trafficking in persons—aggravated offence
(1) A person (the first person) commits an aggravated offence of domestic trafficking in persons if the first person commits the offence of domestic trafficking in persons in relation to another person (the victim) and any of the following applies:
(a) the first person commits the offence intending that the victim will be exploited, either by the first person or by another, after arrival at the place to which the person has been transported;
(b) the first person, in committing the offence, subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;
(c) the first person, in committing the offence:
(i) engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person; and
(ii) is reckless as to that danger.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 20 years.
(2) If, on a trial for an offence against this section, the court, or if the trial is before a jury, the jury, is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the aggravated offence, but is satisfied that he or she is guilty of an offence against section 271.5, it may find the defendant not guilty of the aggravated offence, but guilty of an offence against that section.
(3) Subsection (2) only applies if the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to the finding of guilt for the offence against section 271.5.
Note: Section 271.5 provides for offences of domestic trafficking in persons.
271.7 Offence of domestic trafficking in children
A person commits an offence of domestic trafficking in children if:
(a) the first‑mentioned person organises or facilitates the transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) the other person is under the age of 18; and
(c) in organising or facilitating that transportation, the first‑mentioned person:
(i) intends that the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first‑mentioned person or another, during or following the transportation to that other place; or
(ii) is reckless as to whether the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first‑mentioned person or another, during or following the transportation to that other place.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
Subdivision C—Offences relating to debt bondage
271.8 Offence of debt bondage
A person commits an offence of debt bondage if:
(a) the person engages in conduct that causes another person to enter into debt bondage; and
(b) the person intends to cause the other person to enter into debt bondage.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 4 years.
271.9 Debt bondage—aggravated offence
(1) A person (the offender) commits an offence of aggravated debt bondage if the offender commits an offence of debt bondage in relation to another person (the victim) and any of the following applies:
(a) the victim is under 18;
(b) the offender, in committing the offence, subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;
(c) the offender, in committing the offence:
(i) engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person; and
(ii) is reckless as to that danger.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 7 years.
(2) If, on a trial for an offence against this section, the trier of fact is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the aggravated offence, but is satisfied that the defendant is guilty of an offence against section 271.8, it may find the defendant not guilty of the aggravated offence, but guilty of an offence against that section.
(3) Subsection (2) only applies if the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to the finding of guilt for the offence against section 271.8.
Note: Section 271.8 provides for the offence of debt bondage.
MODERN SLAVERY ACT 2018
Section 3: This Act requires entities based, or operating, in Australia, which have an annual consolidated revenue of more than $100 million, to report annually on the risks of modern slavery in their operations and supply chains, and actions to address those risks. Other entities based, or operating, in Australia may report voluntarily.
The Commonwealth is required to report on behalf of non‑corporate Commonwealth entities, and the reporting requirements also apply to Commonwealth corporate entities and companies with an annual consolidated revenue of more than $100 million.
Reports are kept by the Minister in a public repository known as the Modern Slavery Statements Register. Statements on the register may be accessed by the public, free of charge, on the internet.
Section 3: This Act requires entities based, or operating, in Australia, which have an annual consolidated revenue of more than $100 million, to report annually on the risks of modern slavery in their operations and supply chains, and actions to address those risks. Other entities based, or operating, in Australia may report voluntarily.
The Commonwealth is required to report on behalf of non‑corporate Commonwealth entities, and the reporting requirements also apply to Commonwealth corporate entities and companies with an annual consolidated revenue of more than $100 million.
Reports are kept by the Minister in a public repository known as the Modern Slavery Statements Register. Statements on the register may be accessed by the public, free of charge, on the internet.
Section 4: modern slavery means conduct which would constitute:
(a) an offence under Division 270 or 271 of the Criminal Code; or
(b) an offence under either of those Divisions if the conduct took place in Australia; or
(c) trafficking in persons, as defined in Article 3 of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, done at New York on 15 November 2000 ([2005] ATS 27); or
(a) an offence under Division 270 or 271 of the Criminal Code; or
(b) an offence under either of those Divisions if the conduct took place in Australia; or
(c) trafficking in persons, as defined in Article 3 of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, done at New York on 15 November 2000 ([2005] ATS 27); or
(d) the worst forms of child labour, as defined in Article 3 of the ILO Convention (No. 182) concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, done at Geneva on 17 June 1999 ([2007] ATS 38).
Criminal Code ACT NO. 12 OF 1995 AS AMENDED, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AMENDMENTS UP TO CRIMES LEGISLATION AMENDMENT (SEXUAL CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN AND COMMUNITY PROTECTION MEASURES) ACT 2020
Division 270—Slavery and slavery-like conditions
Subdivision A—Preliminary
270.1A Definitions for Division 270
In this Division:
coercion includes coercion by any of the following:
(a) force;
(b) duress;
(c) detention;
(d) psychological oppression;
(e) abuse of power;
(f) taking advantage of a person’s vulnerability.
conducting a business includes:
(a) taking any part in the management of the business; and
(b) exercising control or direction over the business; and
(c) providing finance for the business.
deceive has the same meaning as in Division 271 (see section 271.1).
Note: Deception has a corresponding meaning (see section 18A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901).
forced labour has the meaning given by section 270.6.
forced marriage has the meaning given by section 270.7A.
servitude has the meaning given by section 270.4.
slavery has the meaning given by section 270.1.
slavery like offence means an offence against any of the following provisions:
(a) section 270.5 (servitude offences);
(b) section 270.6A (forced labour offences);
(c) section 270.7 (deceptive recruiting for labour or services);
(d) section 270.7B (forced marriage offences).
threat means:
(a) a threat of coercion; or
(b) a threat to cause a person’s deportation or removal from Australia; or
(c) a threat of any other detrimental action, unless there are reasonable grounds for the threat of that action in connection with the provision of labour or services by a person.
Note: Threat includes a threat made by any conduct, whether express or implied and whether conditional or unconditional (see the definition in the Dictionary).
Subdivision B—Slavery
270.1 Definition of slavery
For the purposes of this Division, slavery is the condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised, including where such a condition results from a debt or contract made by the person.
270.2 Slavery is unlawful
Slavery remains unlawful and its abolition is maintained, despite the repeal by the Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Act 1999 of Imperial Acts relating to slavery.
270.3 Slavery offences
(1) A person who, whether within or outside Australia, intentionally:
(aa) reduces a person to slavery; or
(a) possesses a slave or exercises over a slave any of the other powers attaching to the right of ownership; or
(b) engages in slave trading; or
(c) enters into any commercial transaction involving a slave; or
(d) exercises control or direction over, or provides finance for:
(i) any act of slave trading; or
(ii) any commercial transaction involving a slave;
commits an offence.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) A person who:
(a) whether within or outside Australia:
(i) enters into any commercial transaction involving a slave; or
(ii) exercises control or direction over, or provides finance for, any commercial transaction involving a slave; or
(iii) exercises control or direction over, or provides finance for, any act of slave trading; and
(b) is reckless as to whether the transaction or act involves a slave, slavery, slave trading or the reduction of a person to slavery;
commits an offence.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 17 years.
(3) In this section:
commercial transaction involving a slave includes a commercial transaction by which a person is reduced to slavery.
slave trading includes:
(a) the capture, transport or disposal of a person with the intention of reducing the person to slavery; or
(b) the purchase or sale of a slave.
(4) A person who engages in any conduct with the intention of securing the release of a person from slavery does not commit an offence against this section.
(5) The defendant bears a legal burden of proving the matter mentioned in subsection (4).
Subdivision C—Slavery like conditions
270.4 Definition of servitude
(1) For the purposes of this Division, servitude is the condition of a person (the victim) who provides labour or services, if, because of the use of coercion, threat or deception:
(a) a reasonable person in the position of the victim would not consider himself or herself to be free:
(i) to cease providing the labour or services; or
(ii) to leave the place or area where the victim provides the labour or services; and
(b) the victim is significantly deprived of personal freedom in respect of aspects of his or her life other than the provision of the labour or services.
(2) Subsection (1) applies whether the coercion, threat or deception is used against the victim or another person.
(3) The victim may be in a condition of servitude whether or not:
(a) escape from the condition is practically possible for the victim; or
(b) the victim has attempted to escape from the condition.
270.5 Servitude offences
Causing a person to enter into or remain in servitude
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person engages in conduct; and
(b) the conduct causes another person to enter into or remain in servitude.
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 20 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 15 years.
Conducting a business involving servitude
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person conducts any business; and
(b) the business involves the servitude of another person (or persons).
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 20 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 15 years.
Alternative verdict of forced labour
(3) Subsection (4) applies if, in a prosecution for an offence (the servitude offence) against a provision listed in column 1 of the following table, the trier of fact:
(a) is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of that offence; but
(b) is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of an offence (the forced labour offence) against the corresponding provision listed in column 2 of the table.
Servitude and forced labour offences
270.7A Definition of forced marriage
(1) A marriage is a forced marriage if one party to the marriage (the victim) entered into the marriage without freely and fully consenting:
(a) because of the use of coercion, threat or deception; or
(b) because the party was incapable of understanding the nature and effect of the marriage ceremony.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), marriage includes the following:
(a) a registered relationship within the meaning of section 2E of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901;
(b) a marriage recognised under a law of a foreign country;
(c) a relationship registered (however that process is described) under a law of a foreign country, if the relationship is of the same, or a similar, type as any registered relationship within the meaning of section 2E of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901;
(d) a marriage (including a relationship or marriage mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c)) that is void, invalid, or not recognised by law, for any reason, including the following:
(i) a party to the marriage has not freely or fully consented to the marriage (for example, because of natural, induced or age related incapacity);
(ii) a party to the marriage is married (within the meaning of this subsection) to more than one person.
Note: Section 2E of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 covers relationships registered under a law of a State or Territory that are prescribed by regulations under that Act.
(3) Paragraph (1)(a) applies whether the coercion, threat or deception is used against the victim or another person.
(4) For the purposes of proving an offence against this Division or Division 271, a person under 16 years of age is presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to be incapable of understanding the nature and effect of a marriage ceremony.
Note: A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to proving the contrary (see section 13.4).
270.7B Forced marriage offences
Causing a person to enter into a forced marriage
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence if:
(a) the first person engages in conduct; and
(b) the conduct causes another person to enter into a forced marriage as the victim of the marriage.
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 9 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 7 years.
Being a party to a forced marriage
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person is a party to a marriage (within the meaning of section 270.7A); and
(b) the marriage is a forced marriage; and
(c) the person is not a victim of the forced marriage.
Penalty:
(a) in the case of an aggravated offence (see section 270.8)—imprisonment for 9 years; or
(b) in any other case—imprisonment for 7 years.
(3) Strict liability applies to paragraph (2)(c).
Note: For strict liability, see section 6.1.
(4) Subsection (2) does not apply if the person has a reasonable excuse.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (4) (see subsection 13.3(3)).
270.8 Slavery like offences—aggravated offences
(1) For the purposes of this Division, a slavery like offence committed by a person (the offender) against another person (the victim) is an aggravated offence if any of the following applies:
(a) the victim is under 18;
(b) the offender, in committing the offence, subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;
(c) the offender, in committing the offence:
(i) engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person; and
(ii) is reckless as to that danger.
(2) If the prosecution intends to prove an aggravated offence, the charge must allege the relevant aggravated offence.
(3) If, on a trial for an aggravated offence, the trier of fact is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the aggravated offence, but is otherwise satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the corresponding slavery like offence, it may find the defendant not guilty of the aggravated offence, but guilty of the corresponding slavery like offence.
(4) Subsection (3) only applies if the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to the finding of guilt for the corresponding slavery like offence.
Subdivision D—Offences against Division 270: general
270.11 Offences against Division 270—no defence of victim consent or acquiescence
To avoid doubt, it is not a defence in a proceeding for an offence against this Division that a person against whom the offence is alleged to have been committed consented to, or acquiesced in, conduct constituting any element of the offence.
Division 271—Trafficking in persons and debt bondage
Subdivision A—Definitions
271.1 Definitions
In this Division:
coercion has the same meaning as in Division 270 (see section 270.1A).
confiscate, in relation to a person’s travel or identity document, means to take possession of the document, whether permanently or otherwise, to the exclusion of the person, or to destroy the document.
constitutional corporation means a corporation to which paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution applies.
deceive means mislead as to fact (including the intention of any person) or as to law, by words or other conduct.
Note: Deception has a corresponding meaning (see section 18A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901).
exploitation has the meaning given by section 271.1A.
threat has the same meaning as in Division 270 (see section 270.1A).
271.1A Definition of exploitation
For the purposes of this Division, exploitation, of one person (the victim) by another person, occurs if the other person’s conduct causes the victim to enter into any of the following conditions:
(a) slavery, or a condition similar to slavery;
(b) servitude;
(c) forced labour;
(d) forced marriage;
(e) debt bondage.
Note: Division 270 (slavery and slavery like offences) deals with slavery, servitude, forced labour and forced marriage. Subdivision C of this Division deals with debt bondage.
Subdivision B—Offences relating to trafficking in persons
271.2 Offence of trafficking in persons
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) the first person uses coercion, threat or deception; and
(c) that use of coercion, threat or deception results in the first person obtaining the other person’s compliance in respect of that entry or proposed entry or in respect of that receipt.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(1A) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) the first person uses coercion, threat or deception; and
(c) that use of coercion, threat or deception results in the first person obtaining the other person’s compliance in respect of that exit or proposed exit.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(1B) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) in organising or facilitating that entry or proposed entry, or that receipt, the first person is reckless as to whether the other person will be exploited, either by the first person or another, after that entry or receipt.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(1C) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) in organising or facilitating that exit or proposed exit, the first person is reckless as to whether the other person will be exploited, either by the first person or another, after that exit.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) the first person deceives the other person about the fact that the other person’s entry or proposed entry, the other person’s receipt or any arrangements for the other person’s stay in Australia, will involve the provision by the other person of sexual services or will involve the other person’s exploitation or the confiscation of the other person’s travel or identity documents.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2A) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) the first person deceives the other person about the fact that the other person’s exit or proposed exit is for purposes that involve the provision by the other person of sexual services outside Australia or will involve the other person’s exploitation or the confiscation of the other person’s travel or identity documents.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2B) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry, or the receipt, of another person into Australia; and
(b) there is an arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services in Australia; and
(c) the first person deceives the other person about any of the following:
(i) the nature of the sexual services to be provided;
(ii) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave the place or area where the other person provides sexual services;
(iii) the extent to which the other person will be free to cease providing sexual services;
(iv) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave his or her place of residence;
(v) if there is a debt owed or claimed to be owed by the other person in connection with the arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services—the quantum, or the existence, of the debt owed or claimed to be owed.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2C) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit of another person from Australia; and
(b) there is an arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services outside Australia; and
(c) the first person deceives the other person about any of the following:
(i) the nature of the sexual services to be provided;
(ii) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave the place or area where the other person provides sexual services;
(iii) the extent to which the other person will be free to cease providing sexual services;
(iv) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave his or her place of residence;
(v) if there is a debt owed or claimed to be owed by the other person in connection with the arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services—the quantum, or the existence, of the debt owed or claimed to be owed.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(3) Absolute liability applies to paragraphs (1)(c) and (1A)(c).
271.3 Trafficking in persons—aggravated offence
(1) A person (the first person) commits an aggravated offence of trafficking in persons if the first person commits the offence of trafficking in persons in relation to another person (the victim) and any of the following applies:
(a) the first person commits the offence intending that the victim will be exploited, either by the first person or another:
(i) if the offence of trafficking in persons is an offence against subsection 271.2(1), (1B), (2) or (2B)—after entry into Australia; or
(ii) if the offence of trafficking in persons is an offence against subsection 271.2(1A), (1C), (2A) or (2C)—after exit from Australia;
(b) the first person, in committing the offence, subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;
(c) the first person, in committing the offence:
(i) engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person; and
(ii) is reckless as to that danger.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 20 years.
(2) If, on a trial for an offence against this section, the court, or if the trial is before a jury, the jury, is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the aggravated offence, but is satisfied that he or she is guilty of an offence against section 271.2, it may find the defendant not guilty of the aggravated offence but guilty of an offence against that section.
(3) Subsection (2) only applies if the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to the finding of guilt for the offence against section 271.2.
Note: Section 271.2 provides for offences of trafficking in persons.
271.4 Offence of trafficking in children
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in children if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the entry or proposed entry into Australia, or the receipt in Australia, of another person; and
(b) the other person is under the age of 18; and
(c) in organising or facilitating that entry or proposed entry, or that receipt, the first person:
(i) intends that the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that entry or receipt; or
(ii) is reckless as to whether the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that entry or receipt.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
(2) A person (the first person) commits an offence of trafficking in children if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the exit or proposed exit from Australia of another person; and
(b) the other person is under the age of 18; and
(c) in organising or facilitating that exit or proposed exit, the first person:
(i) intends that the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that exit; or
(ii) is reckless as to whether the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first person or another, after that exit.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
271.5 Offence of domestic trafficking in persons
(1) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation or proposed transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) the first person uses coercion, threat or deception; and
(c) that use of coercion, threat or deception results in the first person obtaining the other person’s compliance in respect of that transportation or proposed transportation.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation or proposed transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) in organising or facilitating that transportation or proposed transportation, the first person is reckless as to whether the other person will be exploited, either by the first person or another, after that transportation.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2A) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) the first person deceives the other person about the fact that the transportation, or any arrangements the first person has made for the other person following the transportation, will involve the provision by the other person of sexual services or will involve the other person’s exploitation or the confiscation of the other person’s travel or identity documents.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(2B) A person (the first person) commits an offence of domestic trafficking in persons if:
(a) the first person organises or facilitates the transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) there is an arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services; and
(c) the first person deceives the other person about any of the following:
(i) the nature of the sexual services to be provided;
(ii) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave the place or area where the other person provides sexual services;
(iii) the extent to which the other person will be free to cease providing sexual services;
(iv) the extent to which the other person will be free to leave his or her place of residence;
(v) if there is a debt owed or claimed to be owed by the other person in connection with the arrangement for the other person to provide sexual services—the quantum, or the existence, of the debt owed or claimed to be owed.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 years.
(3) Absolute liability applies to paragraph (1)(c).
271.6 Domestic trafficking in persons—aggravated offence
(1) A person (the first person) commits an aggravated offence of domestic trafficking in persons if the first person commits the offence of domestic trafficking in persons in relation to another person (the victim) and any of the following applies:
(a) the first person commits the offence intending that the victim will be exploited, either by the first person or by another, after arrival at the place to which the person has been transported;
(b) the first person, in committing the offence, subjects the victim to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment;
(c) the first person, in committing the offence:
(i) engages in conduct that gives rise to a danger of death or serious harm to the victim or another person; and
(ii) is reckless as to that danger.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 20 years.
(2) If, on a trial for an offence against this section, the court, or if the trial is before a jury, the jury, is not satisfied that the defendant is guilty of the aggravated offence, but is satisfied that he or she is guilty of an offence against section 271.5, it may find the defendant not guilty of the aggravated offence, but guilty of an offence against that section.
(3) Subsection (2) only applies if the defendant has been afforded procedural fairness in relation to the finding of guilt for the offence against section 271.5.
Note: Section 271.5 provides for offences of domestic trafficking in persons.
271.7 Offence of domestic trafficking in children
A person commits an offence of domestic trafficking in children if:
(a) the first mentioned person organises or facilitates the transportation of another person from one place in Australia to another place in Australia; and
(b) the other person is under the age of 18; and
(c) in organising or facilitating that transportation, the first mentioned person:
(i) intends that the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first mentioned person or another, during or following the transportation to that other place; or
(ii) is reckless as to whether the other person will be used to provide sexual services or will be otherwise exploited, either by the first mentioned person or another, during or following the transportation to that other place.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 25 years.
Subdivision C—Offences relating to debt bondage
272.12 Sexual intercourse with young person outside Australia—defendant in position of trust or authority
Engaging in sexual intercourse with young person
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person engages in sexual intercourse with another person (the young person); and
(b) the young person is at least 16 but under 18; and
(c) the person is in a position of trust or authority in relation to the young person; and
(d) the sexual intercourse is engaged in outside Australia.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 10 years.
…
272.13 Sexual activity (other than sexual intercourse) with young person outside Australia—defendant in position of trust or authority
Engaging in sexual activity with young person
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person engages in sexual activity (other than sexual intercourse) with another person (the young person); and
(b) the young person is at least 16 but under 18; and
(c) the person is in a position of trust or authority in relation to the young person; and
(d) the sexual activity is engaged in outside Australia.
Note: A person is taken to engage in sexual activity if the person is in the presence of another person (including by a means of communication that allows the person to see or hear the other person) while the other person engages in sexual activity: see the definition of engage in sexual activity in the Dictionary.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 7 years.
…
272.17 Defence based on valid and genuine marriage
It is a defence to a prosecution for an offence against subsection 272.12(1) or 272.13(1) if the defendant proves that:
(a) at the time of the sexual intercourse or sexual activity, there existed between the defendant and the young person a marriage that was valid, or recognised as valid, under the law of:
(i) the place where the marriage was solemnised; or
(ii) the place where the sexual intercourse or sexual activity is alleged to have taken place; or
(iii) the place of the defendant’s residence or domicile; and
(b) when the marriage was solemnised:
(i) the marriage was genuine; and
(ii) the young person had attained the age of 16 years.
Note 1: A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to the matter in this section: see section 13.4.
Note 2: Subsection 272.12(1) deals with engaging in sexual intercourse with a young person outside Australia. Subsection 272.13(1) deals with engaging in sexual activity (other than sexual intercourse) with a young person outside Australia. Both offences apply to defendants in a position of trust or authority in relation to the young person concerned.
MARRIAGE ACT 196, amended 2016
5 Interpretation
(1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:
…
marriage means the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life.
…
minor means a person who has not attained the age of 18 years.
11 Marriageable age
Subject to section 12, a person is of marriageable age if the person has attained the age of 18 years.
12 Authorisation of marriage of person under age of 18 years in exceptional circumstances
(1) A person who has attained the age of 16 years but has not attained the age of 18 years may apply to a Judge or magistrate in a State or Territory for an order authorising him or her to marry a particular person of marriageable age despite the fact that the applicant has not attained the age of 18 years.
(2) The Judge or magistrate shall, subject to subsection (4), hold an inquiry into the relevant facts and circumstances and, if satisfied that:
(a) the applicant has attained the age of 16 years; and
(b) the circumstances of the case are so exceptional and unusual as to justify the making of the order;
the Judge or magistrate may, in his or her discretion, make the order sought, but otherwise the Judge or magistrate shall refuse the application.
(3) Subject to subsection (5), where a Judge or a magistrate has made such an order, the person on whose application the order was made is, in relation to his or her marriage to the other person specified in the order, but not otherwise, of marriageable age.
(4) Where a Judge or a magistrate to whom an application is made under this section is satisfied that the matter could more properly be dealt with by a Judge or a magistrate sitting at a place nearer the place where the applicant ordinarily resides, the Judge or magistrate may, in his or her discretion, refuse to proceed with the hearing of the application, but such a refusal shall not, for the purposes of section 19, be deemed to be a refusal of the application.
(5) Where an order is made under this section and the marriage to which the order relates does not take place within 3 months after the date of the order, the order ceases to have effect.
13 Marriage of minor not to be solemnised without consent of parents etc.
(1) Subject to this Part, where a party to an intended marriage, not having previously been married, is a minor, the marriage shall not be solemnised unless there is produced to the person by whom or in whose presence the marriage is solemnised:
(a) in respect of each person whose consent is required by this Act to the marriage of the minor, not being a person to whom paragraph (b) is applicable:
(i) the consent in writing of that person, duly witnessed and dated not earlier than 3 months before the date on which the marriage is solemnised or, in such cases as are prescribed, such other evidence that the consent of that person to the intended marriage has been given not earlier than that time as the regulations declare to be sufficient for the purposes of this section; or
(ii) an effective consent in writing of a magistrate or a Judge under this Part in place of the consent of that person; and
(b) in respect of any person whose consent to the marriage of the minor has been dispensed with by a prescribed authority—the dispensation in writing signed by the prescribed authority.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the consent of a person is only duly witnessed if the signature of that person was witnessed:
(a) if the consent is signed in Australia—by one of the following persons:
(i) an authorised celebrant;
(ii) a Commissioner for Declarations under the Statutory Declarations Act 1959;
(iii) a justice of the peace;
(iv) a barrister or solicitor;
(v) a legally qualified medical practitioner;
(vi) a member of the Australian Federal Police or the police force of a State or Territory; or
(b) if the consent is signed in any other place—by one of the following persons:
(i) an Australian Diplomatic Officer;
(ii) an Australian Consular Officer;
(iii) a minister of religion of that place;
(iv) a judge of a court of that place;
(v) a magistrate or justice of the peace of or for that place;
(vi) a notary public;
(vii) an employee of the Commonwealth authorised under paragraph 3(c) of the Consular Fees Act 1955;
(viii) an employee of the Australian Trade and Investment Commission authorised under paragraph 3(d) of the Consular Fees Act 1955.
(3) A person shall not subscribe his or her name as a witness to the signature of a person to a consent to a marriage unless:
(a) the person is satisfied on reasonable grounds as to the identity of that person; and
(b) the consent bears the date on which the person subscribes his or her name as a witness.
(4) A person shall not solemnise a marriage if the person has reason to believe that:
(a) a person whose consent in writing to the marriage of one of the parties is or has been produced for the purposes of this section has revoked his or her consent;
(b) the signature of a person to a consent produced for the purposes of this section is forged or has been obtained by fraud;
(c) a consent produced for the purposes of this section has been altered in a material particular without authority; or
(d) a dispensation with the consent of a person that has been produced in relation to the marriage has ceased to have effect.
14 Persons whose consent is required
(1) The person or persons whose consent is required by this Act to the marriage of a minor shall, subject to this section, be ascertained by reference to the Schedule according to the facts and circumstances existing in relation to the minor.
(2) For the purposes of the Schedule, a minor is an adopted child if the minor was adopted under the law of a State or Territory or under the law of any other place.
(3) Where an Act, a State Act or an Ordinance of any Territory of the Commonwealth provides that a person specified in the Act, State Act or Ordinance is to be the guardian of a minor, or requires that a specified person is to be deemed to be the guardian of a minor, to the exclusion of any parent or other guardian of the minor, that person is the person whose consent is required by this Act to the marriage of the minor.
(4) Where, under a State Act or an Ordinance of any Territory of the Commonwealth, a person specified in the State Act or Ordinance is to be, or is to be deemed to be, a guardian of a minor in addition to the parents or other guardian of the minor, the consent of that person is required to the marriage of the minor in addition to the consent of the person or persons ascertained in accordance with the Schedule.
15 Prescribed authority may dispense with consent in certain cases
(1) Subject to this section, a prescribed authority may, upon application in writing by a minor, dispense with the consent of a person to a proposed marriage of the minor where the prescribed authority:
(a) is satisfied that it is impracticable, or that it is impracticable without delay that would, in all the circumstances of the case, be unreasonable, to ascertain the views of that person with respect to the proposed marriage;
(b) has no reason to believe that that person would refuse his or her consent to the proposed marriage; and
(c) has no reason to believe that facts may exist by reason of which it could reasonably be considered improper that the consent should be dispensed with.
(2) An application under this section shall be supported by a statutory declaration by the applicant setting out the facts and circumstances on which the application is based and may be supported by the statutory declaration of some other person.
(3) The applicant shall state in his or her statutory declaration whether he or she has made any previous applications under this section that have been refused and the date on which each such application was refused.
(4) This section does not authorise a prescribed authority to dispense with the consent of a person to a marriage of a minor where any other person whose consent to the marriage is required by this Act has refused to give consent, unless a magistrate or a Judge has, in pursuance of this Part, given consent in place of the consent of that other person.
(5) For the purposes of this section, the fact that a person does not reside in, or is absent from, Australia shall not of itself be deemed to make it impracticable to ascertain the views of that person.
16 Consent by magistrate where parent etc. refuses consent etc.
(1) Where, in relation to a proposed marriage of a minor:
(a) a person whose consent to the marriage is required by this Act refuses to consent to the marriage; or
(b) an application by the minor under section 15 to dispense with the consent of a person to the marriage is refused;
the minor may apply to a Judge or magistrate for the consent of a Judge or the magistrate to the marriage in place of the consent of that person.
(2) The Judge or magistrate shall, subject to subsections (2A) and (3), hold an inquiry into the relevant facts and circumstances and, if satisfied:
(a) in a case to which paragraph (1)(a) applies—that the person who has refused to consent to the marriage has refused consent unreasonably; or
(b) in a case to which paragraph (1)(b) applies—that, having proper regard for the welfare of the minor, it would be unreasonable for the Judge or magistrate to refuse consent to the proposed marriage;
may give consent to the marriage in place of the consent of the person in relation to whose consent the application is made.
(2A) A Judge or magistrate shall not proceed with an inquiry in accordance with subsection (2) unless:
(a) there has been produced to the Judge or magistrate a certificate signed by a family counsellor certifying that the applicant has received counselling from the family counsellor in relation to the proposed marriage; or
(b) the Judge or magistrate is satisfied that counselling by a family counsellor is not reasonably available to the applicant.
(3) Where a magistrate to whom an application is made under this section is satisfied that the matter could more properly be dealt with by a magistrate sitting at a place nearer the place where the applicant ordinarily resides, the magistrate may, in his or her discretion, refuse to proceed with the hearing of the application, but such a refusal shall not, for the purposes of sections 17 and 19, be deemed to be a refusal of the application.
(4) Where a magistrate grants an application under subsection (1), the magistrate shall not issue consent in writing to the marriage before the expiration of the time prescribed for the purposes of section 17 and if, within that time, a request for a re-hearing is made under that section, the magistrate shall not issue consent unless that request is withdrawn.
(5) Where a Judge or magistrate gives consent to the marriage of a minor in place of the consent of a person who has refused to consent to the marriage, the Judge or magistrate may also, upon application by the minor, give consent in place of the consent of any other person if the Judge or magistrate is satisfied that it is impracticable, or that it is impracticable without delay that would, in all the circumstances of the case, be unreasonable, to ascertain the views of that person with respect to the proposed marriage.
(6) For the purposes of subsection (5), the fact that a person does not reside in, or is absent from, Australia shall not of itself be deemed to make it impracticable to ascertain the views of that person.
(7) In this section family counsellor has the same meaning as in the Family Law Act 1975.
19 Restriction on applications under sections 12, 15 and 16
(1) Where, in relation to a proposed marriage of a minor to a particular person:
(a) an application under section 15 has been refused by a prescribed authority;
(b) an application under section 16 has been refused by a magistrate or a Judge; or
(c) an application under section 12 has been refused by a magistrate or a Judge;
a further application under the same section by the same person in relation to the proposed marriage shall not be considered by any prescribed authority, magistrate or Judge within 6 months after the refusal of the application, unless the applicant satisfies the prescribed authority, magistrate or Judge to whom the further application is made that there has been a substantial change in the relevant facts or circumstances since the refusal of the former application.
(2) The fact that an application is heard or dealt with in contravention of subsection (1) does not affect the validity of an order made, or the effectiveness of a consent given, upon the application or the re-hearing of the application or make ineffective any dispensation with a consent granted on the application.
Division 1 Marriages solemnised on or after 20 June 1977 and before the commencement of section 13 of the Marriage Amendment Act 1985
23 Grounds on which marriages are void
(1) A marriage that took place on or after 20 June 1977 and before the commencement of section 13 of the Marriage Amendment Act 1985 is void where:
(a) either of the parties was, at the time of the marriage, lawfully married to some other person;
(b) the parties are within a prohibited relationship;
(c) by reason of section 48 the marriage is not a valid marriage;
(d) the consent of either of the parties was not a real consent because:
(i) it was obtained by duress or fraud;
(ii) that party was mistaken as to the identity of the other party or as to the nature of the ceremony performed; or
(iii) that party was mentally incapable of understanding the nature and effect of the marriage ceremony; or
(e) either of the parties was not of marriageable age;
and not otherwise.
(2) Marriages of parties within a prohibited relationship are marriages:
(a) between a person and an ancestor or descendant of the person; or
- b) between a brother and a sister (whether of the whole blood or the half-blood).
(3) Any relationship specified in subsection (2) includes a relationship traced through, or to, a person who is or was an adopted child, and, for that purpose, the relationship between an adopted child and the adoptive parent, or each of the adoptive parents, of the child, shall be deemed to be or to have been the natural relationship of child and parent.
(4) Nothing in subsection (3) makes it lawful for a person to marry a person whom the first-mentioned person could not lawfully have married if that subsection had not been enacted.
(5) For the purposes of this section:
(a) a person who has at any time been adopted by another person shall be deemed to remain the adopted child of that other person notwithstanding that any order by which the adoption was effected has been annulled, cancelled or discharged or that the adoption has for any other reason ceased to be effective; and
(b) a person who has been adopted on more than one occasion shall be deemed to be the adopted child of each person by whom he or she has been adopted.
(6) For the purposes of this section:
adopted, in relation to a child, means adopted under the law of any place (whether in or out of Australia) relating to the adoption of children.
ancestor, in relation to a person, means any person from whom the first-mentioned person is descended including a parent of the first-mentioned person.
Division 2 Marriages solemnised after the commencement of section 13 of the Marriage Amendment Act 1985
23B Grounds on which marriages are void
(1) A marriage to which this Division applies that takes place after the commencement of section 13 of the Marriage Amendment Act 1985 is void where:
(a) either of the parties is, at the time of the marriage, lawfully married to some other person;
(b) the parties are within a prohibited relationship;
(c) by reason of section 48 the marriage is not a valid marriage;
(d) the consent of either of the parties is not a real consent because:
(i) it was obtained by duress or fraud;
(ii) that party is mistaken as to the identity of the other party or as to the nature of the ceremony performed; or
(iii) that party is mentally incapable of understanding the nature and effect of the marriage ceremony; or
(e) either of the parties is not of marriageable age;
and not otherwise.
(2) Marriages of parties within a prohibited relationship are marriages:
(a) between a person and an ancestor or descendant of the person; or
(b) between a brother and a sister (whether of the whole blood or the half-blood).
(3) Any relationship specified in subsection (2) includes a relationship traced through, or to, a person who is or was an adopted child, and, for that purpose, the relationship between an adopted child and the adoptive parent, or each of the adoptive parents, of the child shall be deemed to be or to have been the natural relationship of child and parent.
(4) Nothing in subsection (3) makes it lawful for a person to marry a person whom the first-mentioned person could not lawfully have married if that subsection had not been enacted.
(5) For the purposes of this section:
(a) a person who has at any time been adopted by another person shall be deemed to remain the adopted child of that other person notwithstanding that any order by which the adoption was effected has been annulled, cancelled or discharged or that the adoption has for any other reason ceased to be effective; and
(b) a person who has been adopted on more than one occasion shall be deemed to be the adopted child of each person by whom the first-mentioned person has been adopted.
(6) For the purposes of this section:
adopted, in relation to a child, means adopted under the law of any place (whether in or out of Australia) relating to the adoption of children.
ancestor, in relation to a person, means any person from whom the first-mentioned person is descended including a parent of the first-mentioned person.
Part V Marriages of members of the Defence Force overseas
76 Additional consent to marriage of minor domiciled outside Australia
(1) Where:
(a) a party to an intended marriage under this Part, not being an Australian citizen, has not attained the age of 18 years and is domiciled in a place outside Australia; and
(b) the law of that place requires the consent of a person, other than a person whose consent is required under Part II, to the marriage of that party;
the marriage shall not be solemnised unless the chaplain is satisfied that consent to the marriage has been given by that person.
(2) The requirement of subsection (1) is in addition to the requirements of Part II with respect to consents to the marriages of minors.
83 Validity of marriages under this Part
(1) A marriage under this Part is not invalid by reason of all or any of the following:
(d) failure of the parties, or either of them, to make or subscribe a declaration required by section 74, or a false statement, defect or error in such a declaration;
(e) the fact that the marriage was solemnised in contravention of any provision of section 72, 74, 75, 76, 77 or 78;
(f) failure to comply with the requirements of section 13.
(2) A marriage under this Part is not invalid by reason that the person solemnising it was not a chaplain if either party to the marriage, at the time the marriage was solemnised, believed that that person was lawfully authorised to solemnise it, and in such a case the form and ceremony of the marriage shall be deemed to have been sufficient if they were such as to show an intention on the part of each of the parties to become thereby the lawfully wedded spouse of the other.
Part VII Offences
95 Marrying person not of marriageable age etc.
(1) A person shall not go through a form or ceremony of marriage with a person who is not of marriageable age.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 5 years.
(1A) For the purposes of an offence against subsection (1), strict liability applies to the physical element of circumstance, that the person is not of marriageable age.
Note: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.
(2) A person shall not go through a form or ceremony of marriage with a person (in this subsection referred to as the other party to the marriage) who is a minor unless:
(a) the other party to the marriage has previously been married; or
(b) the written consent of the person, or of each of the persons, whose consent to the marriage of the other party to the marriage is required by this Act, has been given or dispensed with in accordance with this Act.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 5 penalty units.
(2A) For the purposes of an offence against subsection (2), strict liability applies to the physical element of circumstance, that the other party to the marriage is a minor.
Note: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.
(3) It is a defence to a prosecution for an offence against subsection (1) if the defendant proves that he or she believed on reasonable grounds that the person with whom he or she went through the form or ceremony of marriage was of marriageable age.
(3A) To avoid doubt, section 9.2 of the Criminal Code (mistake of fact) does not apply in relation to the matters mentioned in subsection (3).
(4) It is a defence to a prosecution for an offence against subsection (2) if the defendant proves that he or she believed on reasonable grounds:
(a) that the person with whom he or she went through the form or ceremony of marriage had attained the age of 18 years or had previously been married; or
(b) that the consent of the person, or of each of the persons, referred to in paragraph (2)(b) had been given or dispensed with in accordance with this Act.
(5) To avoid doubt, section 9.2 of the Criminal Code (mistake of fact) does not apply in relation to the matters mentioned in subsection (4).
98 Contravention of subsection 13(3)
A person shall not subscribe his or her name as a witness to the signature of a person to a consent to the marriage of a minor in contravention of subsection 13(3). Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 5 penalty units.
99 Solemnising marriage where notice or declaration not given or made etc.
(1) An authorised celebrant shall not solemnise a marriage under Division 2 of Part IV in contravention of section 42 or 44.
(3) A chaplain shall not solemnise a marriage under Division 3 of Part V in contravention of section 74, 75, 76, 77 or 78.
(4) A person shall not solemnise a marriage in contravention of section 13 or 112.
(5) A person shall not solemnise a marriage in contravention of subsection 33(3).
(6) A person shall not, in contravention of subsection 113(1), purport to solemnise a marriage between persons who inform the first-mentioned person that they are already legally married to each other or whom the first-mentioned person knows or has reason to believe to be already legally married to each other.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 5 penalty units.
100 Solemnising marriage where reason to believe there is a legal impediment
A person shall not solemnise a marriage, or purport to solemnise a marriage, if the person has reason to believe that there is a legal impediment to the marriage or if the person has reason to believe the marriage would be void.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 5 penalty units.
The Schedule—Persons whose consent is required to the marriage of a minor
Section 14
Part I
| Where the Minor is not an Adopted Child Circumstances in relation to the Minor | Person or persons whose consent is required |
| 1. Where both parents of the minor are alive—
(a) in any case other than a case to which paragraph (b) or (c) is applicable |
Both parents |
| (b) if the parents live separately and apart—
(i) if the minor lives permanently with one parent or lives more with one parent than with the other |
The parent with whom the minor so lives |
| (ii) if the minor does not live with either parent and the parents have never been married to each other | The mother |
| (c) if both parents have been deprived of the custody of the minor by the order of a court | The person or persons having the custody of the minor under the order of the court |
| 2. Where only one parent of the minor is alive—
(a) if the parents had, at any time, been married to each other— (i) if the surviving parent has not been deprived of the custody of the minor by the order of a court |
The surviving parent |
| (ii) if the surviving parent has been deprived of the custody of the minor by the order of a court | The person or persons having the custody of the minor under the order of the court |
| (b) if the parents had never been married to each other—
(i) if the surviving parent is the mother and she has not been deprived of the custody of the minor by the order of a court |
The mother |
| (ii) if the surviving parent is the mother and she has been deprived of the custody of the minor by the order of a court | The person or persons having the custody of the minor under the order of the court |
| (iii) if the surviving parent is the father—
(A) if the minor lives permanently with the father |
The father |
| (B) if the minor does not live permanently with the father and there is or are a guardian or guardians of the minor | The guardian or guardians |
| (C) if the minor does not live permanently with the father and there is no guardian of the minor | |
- Where both parents of the minor are dead—
(a) if there is or are a guardian or guardians of the minor
(b) if there is no guardian of the minor the guardian or guardians A prescribed authority.